Pet Food Ingredient Glossary

A fruit-derived vitamin C source used for antioxidant support often in “natural” recipes.

A seaweed-derived gelling agent used to thicken and stabilize wet foods. Helps create a consistent texture without adding many calories.

Finely ground dried alfalfa containing fiber, vitamins, minerals, and plant proteins. May be included in small amounts.

A vegetarian source of omega-3 fatty acids including DHA made from marine microalgae. Supports brain, eye, and skin and coat health and often used instead of or in addition to fish oil.

A gluten-free ancient grain that contains protein and fiber. Sometimes used in natural or alternative recipes.

A leavening agent used in baked treats to help them rise and stay light.

An acidifier used (mostly in cat diets) to help maintain a healthy urine pH.

Enzymatically broken-down anchovy protein that may be used as a savory additive to boost appetite.

Heat-processed and ground anchovies that provide concentrated protein and omega-3 fatty acids. Often used in kibble made with fish.

Oil pressed from anchovies. A source of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids that can support the skin, joints, and parts of the body, like the brain, eyes, and heart.

A flavor enhancer made from enzymatically broken-down animal tissues. Used to improve aroma and taste without significantly changing nutrition.

Fats that can be sourced from different animal species. Provides calories and improves palatability.

A concentrated protein from animal blood plasma used in small amounts as a highly palatable, functional binder, creating texture and taste.

Aromatic spice used in small amounts in some treats for flavor and aroma.

A natural color from achiote seeds used in small amounts to enhance appearance.

Provides natural fiber, vitamin C, and other nutrients. They add antioxidants and mild sweetness when used in treats or foods.

Learn more: Can dogs eat apples? (Chewy) Can cats eat apples? (PetMD)

A natural additive that creates a sour taste used in very small amounts for pH control and flavor. Can also support product stability.

Dried fiber from apples that may support healthy digestion and stool quality. Adds natural bulk.

Apple-derived soluble fiber that acts as a prebiotic and supports stool quality. Also helps gel wet foods.

The leftover pulp from apple juice production. Adds fiber and a touch of natural sweetness.

A grain-free starch used as a binder and texture aid in treats and some limited-ingredient diets.

Flavor ingredients that are synthetically made, not naturally sourced, and used in very small amounts to enhance aroma and taste and make food more appealing.

Antioxidant used to help preserve nutrients in foods and support immune health. Often part of a vitamin pre-mixture.

A fat-soluble form of vitamin C used as an antioxidant to help protect fats and flavors from degradation.

A stable feed-grade (intended for animals only) form of vitamin C added to help preserve nutrients and for antioxidant and immune support.

Occasionally appears in pet foods, treats, and recipes. Provides fiber and other nutrients in small amounts.

Learn more: Can dogs eat asparagus? (PetMD)

A source of enzymes (e.g., amylase and protease) and prebiotics added to aid digestion and gut health.

A source of enzymes (e.g., amylase and protease) and prebiotics added to aid digestion and gut health.

A carotenoid antioxidant found in microalgae, krill, and other aquatic species. Included in small amounts for antioxidant support.

Yeast that has been broken down to release natural nutrients and flavor compounds (nucleotides and peptides). A common additive used to enhance flavor in kibbles and treats.

A plant-based source of fat and other nutrients. Some recipes use avocado in small amounts.

Learn more: Can dogs eat avocado? (Chewy) Can cats eat avocado? (Chewy)

A resilient probiotic strain added to support a healthy gut microbiome and stool quality.

A hardy probiotic added to support a balanced gut microbiome.

A spore-forming probiotic used for digestive support. Survives kibble processing better than many live cultures.

Pork ingredient used mostly in treats for its savory flavor and aroma. Adds protein and fat. Typically included sparingly.

Learn more: Can dogs eat bacon? (Chewy)

A mostly insoluble fiber that helps support regularity and stool firmness.

An ingredient that provides potassium, fiber, and natural sweetness. Often included in small amounts.

Learn more: Can dogs eat bananas? (Chewy) Can cats eat bananas? (Chewy)

Dehydrated banana most often used for flavor and gentle fiber in treats.

A whole grain rich in fiber and carbohydrates. Supports digestive health and provides sustained energy.

Lightly processed barley that adds texture, fiber, and sustained energy.

The young leaves of a barley plant. Rich in chlorophyll, fiber, and antioxidants.

Lightly sweet, malted-barley syrup that adds flavor and coloring to foods or treats.

A classic animal protein that provides amino acids, iron, and a flavor many pets love. Formulated in both dry and wet foods.

Simmered beef bones to add moisture, minerals, and other nutrients. Adds a meaty aroma in wet foods and food toppers.

A savory liquid that boosts aroma and palatability in wet foods and toppers. Adds moisture with minimal calories.

Heat-processed beef fat that supplies energy and improves the palatability of the food.

Organ meat that contributes protein, iron, B vitamins, and other nutrients.

Nutrient-dense organ meat high in vitamin A, iron, and protein. Used for flavor and nutrient profile.

Heat-processed ground beef muscle and associated tissues that concentrates protein while removing moisture. Boosts protein levels in kibble.

Single-ingredient chew made from the penis of a bull or steer, which is then processed into a bully stick. Provides high protein and a long-lasting chew experience. More common in treats than in complete diets.

Dehydrated and finely ground beet used mainly for natural color and a touch of fiber.

Learn more: Can dogs eat beets? (PetMD)

A moderately fermentable fiber from sugar beets (after sugar is removed). Helps to regulate digestion and improve stool quality.

A natural clay added in small amounts to help bind moisture in the food (anti-caking agent) and possibly support stool consistency.

A plant pigment that dogs can convert to vitamin A (cats require preformed vitamin A in their diets). May support skin, eye, and immune health.

A non-essential amino acid that helps with methylation and may support fluid balance and liver health.

A synthetic antioxidant preservative used in small amounts to help keep fats fresh. Some brands avoid it; others use it to maintain shelf stability.

A synthetic antioxidant preservative used in small amounts to stabilize fats and to protect flavor and quality over time.

A probiotic strain added to help support a balanced gut microbiome and good stool quality.

A probiotic strain that may support digestion and the gut microbiome.

A probiotic used in small amounts for digestive support, immune health, and possible calming effects.

A B vitamin that supports healthy skin, coat, and metabolism. Often included as part of a vitamin premix.

A red-meat protein used in diets to provide essential amino acids and iron with a distinct flavor.

Heat-processed ground bison meat and associated tissues that concentrates protein while removing moisture. May be used in high protein and limited-ingredient diets.

Berries with antioxidants and fiber. Typically used in small amounts.

Learn more: Can dogs eat blackberries? (Chewy) Can cats eat blackberries? (PetMD)

Heat-processed and ground small ocean fish that concentrates protein and omega-3 fatty acids.

Antioxidant-rich berries that may support immune health. More common in premium and natural foods and treats.

Learn more: Can dogs eat blueberries? (Chewy)
Can cats eat blueberries? (Chewy)

Simmered broth (beef, chicken, turkey) used to add moisture, nutrients, and aroma to wet foods and toppers.

Dehydrated broth (e.g., chicken, beef) used to add moisture, aroma, and minerals to food when rehydrated.

Plant oil rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) used to support skin and coat.

Dried milk product from cows who have just given birth. Used in some functional foods and treats for immune and nutritional support.

A source of B vitamins, protein, and other nutrients. Often used to support skin and coat and add savory flavor.

Broken rice pieces that provide digestible carbohydrates. Contains fewer micronutrients than whole brown rice.

A fibrous vegetable with vitamin C, vitamin K, and antioxidants. Used sparingly for variety.

Learn more: Can dogs eat broccoli? (Chewy) Can cats eat broccoli? (PetMD)

A pineapple-derived enzyme added to some diets and chews. May support protein digestion and reduce inflammation.

Whole-grain rice that offers fiber and sustained energy. Brown rice generally has more nutrient value than white rice.

Learn more: Can dogs eat rice? (PetMD)
Can cats eat rice? (Chewy)

Finely milled brown rice that retains the bran and germ. Provides easily digestible carbohydrates and acts as a binder for kibble or treats.

Cruciferous vegetables with fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants. Appears in small amounts in some natural recipes.

Learn more: Can dogs eat Brussels sprouts? (PetMD)

Gluten-free seeds that provide complex carbs and some protein. Appears in select natural recipes.

Adds richness and flavor to some treats but is uncommon in balanced foods. Used sparingly.

Learn more: Can dogs eat butter? (PetMD)
Can cats eat butter? (PetMD)

Dehydrated, fermented dairy product used mainly in treats for flavor and calcium.

A nutrient-dense squash that contributes fiber and beta-carotene. Used in small amounts.

Learn more: Can dogs eat squash? (PetMD)

A calcium salt of vitamin C used as a preservative and antioxidant to support immune health.

A common highly concentrated calcium source for strong bones and teeth that helps balance dietary minerals.

A milk-derived ingredient used to supply protein and calcium and improve texture in foods and treats.

A mineral salt used to provide calcium and help improve texture in some wet foods.

A form of calcium that is easily absorbed and used by the body to support bones and teeth.

A supplement that provides calcium that is easily absorbed and used by the body to help meet mineral requirements for bones and teeth.

Provides iodine (and calcium) to support thyroid and metabolic health. Used in trace amounts.

A gentle form of calcium that is easily absorbed and used by the body to support strong bones and teeth.

A form of vitamin B5 that is important for energy metabolism and hormone production.

A preservative that helps prevent mold and spoilage, especially in treats and baked items. Used at very low levels to support product freshness.

An anti-caking agent primarily used in small amounts allowing vitamin and mineral premixes to blend evenly.

A processing aid used in vitamin-mineral premixes so ingredients blend evenly.

A source of calcium used in some formulas to support skeletal health.

A plant oil rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids which supports healthy skin and coat.

An ingredient produced after extracting oil from canola seeds. Can contribute protein and some minerals.

Plant oil that provides energy and omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids to support skin and coat health.

Adds hydration, vitamin C, and slight sweetness. Used sparingly in fresh-style recipes.

Learn more: Can dogs eat cantaloupe? (PetMD)

A carotenoid (natural reddish/orange) color used at small levels to make food look more appealing.

A small, oily forage fish used for protein, flavor, and omega-3 fatty acids in fish-based diets.

Cooked sugar syrup used in tiny amounts to add sweetness and color primarily in baked treats. Distinct from caramel color, which is a separate color additive.

A coloring used to improve food appearance. Does not add nutritional value.

Plant-derived thickener that helps stabilize texture in wet foods.

A plant wax used to coat some chews and treats for a smoother finish.

Naturally sweet legume used as a chocolate alternative in treats. Adds flavor and color.

A texture-enhancing gum derived from red seaweed that helps suspend ingredients and create an even consistency. Common in canned foods.

Source of fiber, beta-carotene, and other vitamins. May support eye and digestive health.

Learn more: Can dogs eat carrots? (Chewy) Can cats eat carrots? (Chewy)

Purified fiber from carrots that may help stool quality and improve texture and binding.

Dehydrated, finely milled carrot used for color, beta-carotene, and gentle fiber.

Milk protein used to support amino-acid balance and build structure in some treats and specialty foods.

A grain-free flour made from cassava root used as an energy source and binder.

A starch-rich, grain-free carbohydrate and binder that helps kibble hold its shape.

A plant-based thickener often paired with other gums (such as xanthan or locust bean) for stable texture in wet foods.

Cruciferous vegetable that adds fiber and other nutrients in small amounts.

Learn more: Can dogs eat cauliflower? (PetMD)

Crunchy, water-rich vegetable used occasionally for fiber and variety.

Learn more: Can dogs eat celery? (Chewy)

An enzyme that helps to break down plant cell walls. Dogs and cats do not naturally produce cellulase.

An insoluble fiber usually sourced from plant cell walls that can support digestive regularity and help in weight-management formulas.

Herb used sparingly in some natural formulas often for its possible calming effects.

Tiny seeds that contribute fiber, protein, and plant-derived omega-3 fatty acids. Used in small amounts primarily for skin and coat and digestion.

One of the most common proteins in pet food, providing taste and a complete amino acid profile. Used fresh as part of meals or used in broths.

Learn more: Can dogs eat chicken? (PetMD) Can cats eat chicken? (PetMD)

A lean cut of chicken used in many fresh, frozen, or wet foods. Supplies highly digestible protein and a mild flavor pets tend to enjoy.

Adds moisture and savory taste and aroma to wet foods and toppers. Can enhance food acceptance.

Heat-processed and ground chicken tissues (excluding most skeletal muscle) providing a concentrated source of protein and micronutrients.

Natural source of collagen and chondroitin used in joint-supporting or meaty recipes.

A flavor enhancer made from enzymatically broken-down chicken tissues. Used to improve aroma and taste without significantly changing nutrition.

A flavorful fat source for energy and essential fatty acids. Often preserved with mixed tocopherols (vitamin E) to keep it fresh.

Organ meat that adds protein, iron, B vitamins, and other nutrients.

Nutrient-dense organ meat providing protein, vitamin A, iron, and other nutrients.

Chicken meat and associated tissues that is heat-processed and ground to remove moisture, creating a concentrated protein source. Often appears high up on dry food labels.

Learn more: What is chicken meal in dog food? (Chewy)

Natural source of inulin. A prebiotic fiber that nourishes beneficial gut bacteria.

A shellfish-derived fiber sometimes used in dental and hairball and stool-firming formulas.

Algae ingredient added in small amounts for natural pigments, micronutrients, and antioxidants.

An alternative choline source (alongside choline chloride) that supports liver and nervous system function and cell membranes.

Supports liver function, brain health, and metabolism. Common in vitamin and mineral premixes.

A joint-support nutrient often paired with glucosamine that can help maintain healthy cartilage and mobility, especially for large breed dogs and seniors.

Herb used sparingly for freshness and flavor.

Learn more: Can dogs eat cilantro? (PetMD)

A spice used in small amounts for flavor in some treats.

A natural fiber from citrus fruits that helps with moisture binding in wet or semi-moist foods and stool quality.

Used to help preserve freshness and enhance flavor. Also helps protect fats from oxidation.

A source of cobalt used in some mineral premixes in very small, controlled amounts to meet manufacturer formulation targets.

A highly absorbable form of cobalt used in trace amounts within mineral premixes.

A high-fiber, grain-free flour used in some baked treats and limited-ingredient recipes.

Learn more: Can dogs eat coconut? (PetMD)

Glycerin derived from coconut used to keep some treats soft and chewy. Helps retain moisture and contributes mild sweetness.

A plant oil that provides saturated fats and medium-chain triglycerides. Used sparingly for palatability and skin and coat support.

Cod: Lean white fish protein used in some diets containing fish. Provides omega-3 fatty acids and easy digestibility.

Learn more: Can dogs eat seafood? (Chewy)

Marine oil rich in vitamin A, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids. Used in small amounts for skin, coat, and wellness.

A structural protein from animal connective tissue primarily available in broths and treats to support skin, coat, and joint health.

Enzymatically broken-down collagen that may support skin, coat, and joint health.

Copper that is bound to amino acids for improved absorption. Supports red blood cells, connective tissue, and more.

A highly absorbable form of copper used to help support red blood cells, connective tissue, and more.

A protein-bound form of copper designed for improved absorption. Supports red blood cell production, connective tissue health, and more.

Source of copper for red blood cell formation, connective tissue, and other body parts and functions. Used in small amounts.

A carbohydrate that contributes some protein, fiber, and micronutrients. Common in many kibbles.

Learn more: Can dogs eat corn? (Chewy) Can cats eat corn? (PetMD)

Ground corn used as a digestible carbohydrate and binding aid. Provides energy, fiber, and micronutrients. Helps kibble hold its shape.

Concentrated protein source derived from corn. Used to boost protein levels.

Refined corn carbohydrate used as a binder and thickener and energy source.

A carbohydrate sweetener used mainly in soft treats to help retain moisture and add mild sweetness. Fed only in small amounts.

Adds protein and calcium in some fresh-style foods and toppers. Typically used sparingly.

Learn more: Can dogs have cottage cheese? (Chewy)
Can cats eat cheese? (Chewy)

Antioxidant-rich fruit used in small amounts. May support urinary tract health.

Learn more: Can dogs eat cranberries? (Chewy)

A concentrated form of cranberries added for antioxidants and possible urinary support. Used in small amounts in some dog and cat foods.

Fiber derived from cranberries. May be used in urinary-support recipes.

Concentrated, dried cranberries used for antioxidants and possible urinary support. Used in small amounts.

Hydrating, low-calorie vegetables included occasionally in fresh or topper recipes.

Learn more: Can dogs eat cucumbers? (Chewy)
Can cats eat cucumbers? (Chewy)

Leafy greens added in tiny amounts for beneficial natural compounds found in plants and gentle fiber.

Fresh chicken with bones removed. A high-quality, complete protein that supports lean muscle.

Bone-free duck meat that provides complete animal protein and rich flavor.

Chicken with most of the moisture removed to provide concentrated protein and flavor in dry foods and treats.

Dried potato flakes or powder used for carbohydrates, other nutrients, and texture. Helps bind kibble and add energy.

Learn more: Can dogs eat potatoes? (Chewy) Can cats eat potatoes? (PetMD)

A simple sugar used mainly in treats and flavor-enhancers that adds quick energy and sweetness in small amounts.

Learn more: Can dogs eat sugar? (PetMD)

An omega-3 fatty acid (often sourced from fish or algae) that supports brain, eye, and skin and coat health.

A stable form of vitamin E commonly used to meet vitamin E requirements and help preserve fats in food.

Provides calcium and phosphorus to support bone and tooth health.

Used in tiny amounts for aroma. Primarily in natural recipes and dental treats.

Mineral salt used for pH and texture control and as a potassium and phosphorus source.

Supports pH control, texture, and mineral balance in wet foods.

Dehydrated apple pieces providing gentle fiber, other nutrients, and natural sweetness.

Dehydrated blueberries added for antioxidants and flavor in small amounts.

Fermented, nonfat dairy solids used mainly in treats and toppers. Adds tangy dairy flavor plus protein, calcium, and other milk nutrients.

Dehydrated carrots used for fiber, beta-carotene, and a touch of sweetness.

Adds cheesy flavor to some toppers and treats.

Learn more: Can dogs eat cheese? (Chewy)

A natural source of inulin (prebiotic fiber) that helps nourish beneficial gut bacteria.

Dried seaweed used for iodine, other minerals, and vitamins. Included in small amounts to support metabolic health.

Learn more: Can dogs eat seaweed? (PetMD)

Herb flakes used very sparingly for fresh aroma and taste.

Beet pulp that is dried after sugar is removed providing moderately fermentable fiber. Used to support healthy digestion.

A high-value treat ingredient providing omega-3 fatty acids and protein.

Learn more: Can dogs eat salmon? (PetMD) Can cats eat salmon? (PetMD)

Dairy solids used in some treats and toppers for flavor and calcium.

Learn more: Can dogs drink milk? (PetMD) Can cats drink milk? (Chewy)

Concentrated spinach flakes or powder providing iron, fiber, and phytonutrients.

Learn more: Can dogs eat spinach? (PetMD)

Dehydrated sweet potato used in food for gentle fiber and sustained energy.

Learn more: Can dogs eat sweet potato? (Chewy) Can cats eat sweet potato? (Chewy)

Dehydrated tomato pieces added for flavor and natural antioxidants.

Learn more: Can dogs eat tomatoes? (Chewy) Can cats eat tomatoes? (Chewy)

Dairy solids that add milk flavor and protein to food.

Dehydrated yeast that adds protein, B vitamins, other nutrients, and savory flavor.

A protein rich in iron and flavor. Common in alternative-protein or limited-ingredient diets and suitable for some pets with food sensitivities.

A savory liquid containing duck that boosts aroma and moisture with minimal calories.

Fat from ducks that boosts taste and provides energy and essential fatty acids for skin and coat.

Organ meat providing protein, iron, and B vitamins.

Heat-processed ground duck meat and associated tissues that provides concentrated protein and flavor. Common in limited-ingredient diets.

Finely ground bone, common in raw and freeze-dried foods that provides calcium and phosphorus.

A highly digestible source of protein, fat, and other nutrients, providing a complete amino acid profile and a taste many pets love.

Learn more: Can dogs eat eggs? (Chewy)
Can cats eat eggs?(Chewy)

Egg white, which is low in fat, highly digestible, and great for firming texture in baked items.

Enzymatically broken-down egg protein that’s very digestible and may be suitable for some dogs with food sensitivities.

Dry egg white used as lean, digestible protein with minimal fat.

Supplies fats, choline, and vitamins A and D with complete protein.

Egg-derived emulsifier that helps support food texture and provides phospholipids, choline, and other nutrients.

Finely ground eggshells used as a calcium source to support strong bones and teeth.

The thin layer inside eggshells that contains collagen and elastin peptides. May be included in foods to support joint health.

A probiotic strain used to support digestive function and a healthy gut microbiome.

A probiotic strain that promotes a healthy gut microbiome and stool quality.

Digestive enzymes used to help break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

A key omega-3 typically from fish oil, that supports skin, joints, and overall wellness.

A form of vitamin C that helps keep foods fresh.

Antioxidant preservative used to stabilize fats. Some manufacturers have chosen to switch to other preservatives.

A feed-grade iodine source used in trace amounts for thyroid support.

Plant oil with the omega-6 fatty acid gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Used sparingly in skin- and coat-focused recipes.

Legumes seen in some grain-free recipes, which provide plant protein, fiber, complex carbohydrates, and more.

Learn more: Can dogs eat beans? (PetMD)

Enzymatically broken-down poultry feather protein usually used in specialty diets for food allergies and intolerances.

Aromatic herb used in tiny amounts for flavor and may offer gentle digestive support.

Herb/spice that can enhance aroma and palatability. Used sparingly and may aid normal digestion.

Iron source that supports normal red blood cell formation and oxygen transport.

A type of iron primarily used to support red blood cells.

Grain-free source of carbohydrates and plant-protein. Adds fiber and helps maintain kibble structure.

Nonspecific fish species that can provide high-quality protein and omega-3 fatty acids for skin, coat, and joints.

Learn more: Can dogs eat fish? (PetMD)

Finely ground fish bones that provide natural calcium and phosphorus and trace minerals.

Savory cooking liquid that adds moisture, taste, and aroma to wet foods and toppers.

Natural collagen and chondroitin source used in diets or supplements containing fish or those designed to support joints.

Collagen peptides from fish used for skin, coat, and joint health.

A flavor enhancer made from enzymatically broken-down fish. Used to improve aroma and taste without significantly changing nutrition.

Enzymatically broken-down fish collagen that gels gravies and adds protein in fish-based recipes.

Enzymatically broken-down fish protein used as a natural flavor enhancer.

Heat-processed and ground fish used to help concentrate protein and omega-3 fatty acids. Commonly found in kibble.

Source of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids often used for skin and coat, brain, joint, and heart health.

Outer coverings of flaxseed used as a source of lignans (estrogen-like compounds derived from plants) and fiber for digestive and antioxidant support.

Lignans (plant-derived estrogen-like compounds) from flax hulls included for antioxidant support.

Milled flaxseed that delivers plant omega-3 fatty acids (ALA) and fiber for GI and skin and coat health.

Plant source of omega-3s (primarily ALA) and dietary fiber that support digestion and skin and coat health.

Pressed oil from flaxseeds that supplies plant omega-3 fatty acids and supports skin, coat, and joints in balanced diets. More effective in dogs than cats.

B vitamin important for DNA synthesis and cell growth. Included in premixes.

Raw beef that is dehydrated under low temperatures for shelf stability. Used in toppers and high-value treats.

Chicken pieces that have been dehydrated under low temperatures. Used for protein and meaty aroma and taste without requiring refrigeration.

Salmon that has been dehydrated under cold temperatures. Provides protein and omega-3 fatty acids.

Prebiotic fibers that feed beneficial gut bacteria for digestive support.

Simple sugar used sparingly mainly in treats as a sweetener and to attract and retain moisture.

Pulp left over after pressing fruits. Used to add gentle fiber, other nutrients, and natural flavor.

Dehydrated fruit powders used for fiber, antioxidants, and natural flavor.

Prebiotic fibers that support beneficial gut bacteria and stool quality.

Legumes primarily used as carbohydrate and plant protein sources that also provide fiber, other nutrients, and texture.

Learn more: Can dogs eat chickpeas? (PetMD)

Animal-derived gelling agent for texture and binding in wet foods and treats that also contributes a small amount of protein.

Gelling agent that stabilizes texture in wet foods, keeping chunks and gravy suspended.

Flavoring used in very small amounts. May help settle occasional stomach upset.

Learn more: Can dogs eat ginger? (PetMD)

Botanical used in small amounts in some treats as an antioxidant and for overall wellness.

Starch-digesting enzyme used to help pets better utilize carbohydrate energy.

Joint-support nutrient. Common in senior and large-breed formulas and treats and supplements to help maintain cartilage and improve joint fluid.

A concentrated form of glucosamine that helps maintain healthy cartilage and joint fluid.

A mildly acidic substance used to fine-tune pH, improve texture in wet foods, and prevent spoilage.

Simple-sugar syrup used in small amounts to help retain moisture and add mild sweetness in chewy treats.

Plant-derived humectant used in chewy treats that helps retain moisture and softness and adds mild sweetness.

Amino acid used for taste and amino-acid balance. Can be combined with some minerals to improve absorption.

Lean, alternative animal protein used in some limited-ingredient diets designed for food allergies and sensitivities.

Organ meat that contributes protein, iron, vitamin A, and rich meaty aroma.

Appears in toppers or foods to add moisture, taste, and minerals.

Alternative poultry protein used in some limited-ingredient and novel-protein diets.

Low-calorie vegetable with fiber and vitamins and minerals that adds crunch and variety.

Learn more: Can dogs eat green beans? (Chewy)
Can cats eat green beans? (PetMD)

Natural source of omega-3 fatty acids and glycosaminoglycans for joint support that is common in mobility formulas.

Natural antioxidant source (polyphenols) used to help protect fats and flavor and for its potential health benefits.

Botanical powder used in small amounts as an antioxidant source.

Finely milled chia used for plant-derived omega-3 fatty acids, protein, and fiber to support skin, coat, and digestion.

Finely milled flaxseed that delivers plant-derived omega-3 fatty acids (ALA) and dietary fiber. Supports healthy skin and coat and digestive regularity.

Finely milled millet that supplies gluten-free carbohydrates.

Milled whole oats that add soluble and insoluble fiber for gut health and digestive regularity.

Whole-kernel corn (including bran and germ) that contributes carbohydrates, some protein, fiber, and micronutrients.

Seed-derived thickener that stabilizes texture in wet foods.

Plant gum used as a stabilizer and thickener in gravies and wet foods.

Mild white fish used for digestible protein and a light flavor profile.

Mild whitefish that provides lean, digestible protein.

Premium whitefish protein sometimes used for variety in fish-based recipes.

An enzyme added to foods to help break down plant fibers (hemicellulose) to support nutrient availability.

Plant protein source made from ground hemp seeds that adds amino acids, fiber, and healthy fatty acids.

Seeds used sparingly in natural recipes to contribute healthy fats, plant-based protein, and fiber.

Learn more: Can dogs eat hemp seeds? (Chewy)

Plant oil providing both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids used in small amounts to support skin and coat.

Fish broth added for moisture and aroma to wet recipes.

Heat-processed and ground herring that helps to concentrate protein and omega-3 fatty acids for skin, coat, and joint health.

Marine oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) used to support skin, coat, heart, joint, and overall wellness.

Mild white fish used in some premium recipes for protein and omega-3 fatty acids.

Natural sweetener used sparingly in treats and toppers to provide simple sugars and trace antioxidants.

Learn more: Can dogs have honey? (Chewy)

Hydrating melon sometimes included in fresh or topper-style recipes in very small amounts.

Learn more: Can dogs eat honeydew? (PetMD)

Dehydrated honey used in small amounts as a natural sweetener and to retain moisture.

Included in some joint and skin formulas to support joint comfort and tissue hydration.

Vegetable oil that is processed using hydrogen. Used in tiny amounts in some coatings and chews for texture and stability.

Chicken liver broken into small peptides or amino acids to enhance flavor and digestibility and reduce or eliminate allergic reactions.

Chicken protein broken down into small peptides or amino acids to improve digestibility and taste and to lower allergen risk.

Fish protein broken into small peptides or amino acids to enhance flavor and digestibility and reduce or eliminate allergic reactions.

Pork protein broken into small peptides or amino acids to improve digestibility and flavor and reduce or eliminate allergic reactions.

Generic term for proteins broken into smaller fragments (peptides or amino acids), usually in diets designed to help with food allergies.

Salmon protein broken into small peptides or amino acids to improve digestibility and flavor and reduce or eliminate allergic reactions.

Soy protein broken into small peptides or amino acids to improve digestibility and flavor and reduce or eliminate allergic reactions.

Heat-treated yeast used for savory flavor, B-vitamin, and other nutrients.

B vitamin-like compound included in some premixes to support cell signaling and metabolism.

Sustainable, alternative protein source rich in amino acids and minerals.

Prebiotic fiber found in plants like chicory that nourishes beneficial gut bacteria.

Iodized salt: Table salt fortified with iodine used as a flavor enhancer and to supply essential sodium and iodine.

Learn more: Can dogs eat salt? (PetMD)

Iron bound to amino acids to improve absorption and support healthy red blood cells.

Iron-based natural color used sparingly to adjust appearance.

Protein-bound iron used for good absorption and to support red blood cells and oxygen transport.

A source of iron that supports red blood cells and oxygen transport.

Essential amino acid added to optimize a food’s overall amino-acid profile.

Prebiotic fibers used at low levels to feed beneficial gut bacteria.

Glucose/fructose syrup used in small amounts to keep treats soft and add sweetness.

A sweetener (glucose and fructose) used sparingly to add sweetness and help retain moisture in soft treats.

Robust, oily fish used for protein, flavor, and marine omega-3 fatty acids.

Mild root used in small amounts to add fiber and prebiotics that feed beneficial gut bacteria.

A plant naturally rich in inulin that is included in small amounts to support digestion.

Concentrated inulin from Jerusalem artichoke to nourish beneficial gut bacteria.

Natural inulin source used to help feed the gut microbiome.

Leafy green vegetable supplying vitamins A, C, and K, and antioxidants. Used sparingly in natural recipes.

Learn more: Can dogs eat kale? (PetMD)

Concentrated leafy-green powder that adds phytonutrients and a touch of fiber.

Alternative red-meat protein used in limited-ingredient diets that can be helpful with protein sensitivities.

Heat-processed ground kangaroo meat and associated tissues. Most often used as a concentrated protein in limited-ingredient diets.

Plant-derived gum that stabilizes texture and suspends ingredients in wet foods.

Dehydrated fermented milk used in toppers and treats. Adds probiotics and tangy flavor.

A type of large seaweed that naturally provides iodine and trace minerals to support thyroid and metabolic health.

Learn more: Can dogs eat seaweed? (PetMD)

A concentrated form of kelp seaweed that supplies iodine and trace minerals.

Dried ground kelp seaweed that provides minerals such as iodine and other trace nutrients.

Finely milled, dried kelp seaweed used in small amounts for iodine and trace nutrients.

Soluble fiber and thickener that creates smooth, stable textures in canned foods and may support digestive health.

Soluble fiber that helps to create a consistent, gravy-like texture and may support digestive health.

Heat-processed krill (small, marine crustaceans) supplying protein, omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA), and astaxanthin. Used primarily for skin, coat, and antioxidant support.

Oil from small, marine crustaceans with omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants.

Natural acidifier and preservative used to adjust pH and support stability and palatability of food.

Probiotic used to support a balanced gut microbiome.

Probiotic added in small amounts for gut health and stool quality.

Probiotic that supports a balanced gut microbiome.

Probiotic that can aid digestion and stool quality.

Probiotic used to support a healthy gut and stool quality.

Beneficial probiotic culture used for digestive balance and gut health.

Red meat protein that offers essential amino acids and iron. No longer useful as a novel or alternative protein due to widespread use.

Broth made from lamb tissues used to add moisture and aroma with minimal calories.

Animal fat that provides energy and fatty acids.

Organ meat that supplies iron, B vitamins, and high-quality protein.

Organ meat that is used in small amounts for protein, iron, vitamin A, and B vitamins.

Baked or dehydrated high-protein lung tissue that is used mainly in treats.

Heat-processed ground lamb meat and associated tissues with moisture removed. Used as a concentrated protein source in kibble.

Essential amino acid used to balance amino-acid profiles and support many body functions, including nitric-oxide metabolism.

Amino acid that helps transport fatty acids for energy. Commonly used in weight-management and performance diets.

Sulfur-containing amino acid used to balance protein profiles.

An essential amino acid for dogs and cats added to round out complete protein nutrition.

Natural emulsifier that helps fats mix evenly and contributes choline to the diet.

Finely milled lentils used for plant protein, complex carbohydrates, and fiber.

Legumes providing primarily fiber, plant protein, and complex carbohydrates.

Leafy vegetable sometimes used in foods and toppers. Adds a small amount of fiber and other nutrients.

Learn more: Can dogs eat lettuce? (Chewy)

Nutrient-dense organ meat that provides protein, vitamin A, B vitamins, and iron to boost nutrition and flavor.

Ingredient made from processed or cooked liver used in small amounts to boost aroma and taste.

Liver that has been enzymatically processed and is used as a natural flavor enhancer.

Essential amino acid added to balance amino acid profiles and support immune function and lean muscle.

Amino acid found naturally in tea that is used in certain functional treats and diets to support calm behavior.

Essential amino acid added to balance complete diets.

Essential amino acid and serotonin precursor used to round out protein balance.

Seed-derived thickener that works with other gums to stabilize wet foods.

Carotenoid antioxidant used in small amounts, often for eye and skin support.

Marine fish that supplies protein and omega-3 fatty acids to support skin, coat, and overall wellness.

Learn more: Can dogs eat seafood? (Chewy)

Heat-processed ground mackerel that concentrates protein and omega-3 fatty acids for skin and coat support.

Mineral source supplying magnesium for muscle and nerve function and other body functions.

Mineral source of magnesium used in small amounts for balanced diets.

Carbohydrate used to bind ingredients and adjust texture primarily in treats and gravies.

Manganese bound to amino acids to improve absorption. Supports many body functions.

Easily absorbed manganese that is bound to amino acids or protein pieces and supports many body functions.

Trace mineral that supports bone formation, metabolism, and other body functions.

A manganese source used to meet trace mineral needs that support bone and cartilage development and normal metabolism.

Yeast-derived prebiotics supporting gut and immune health.

Natural colorant and lutein source used in tiny amounts for food color and eye health.

Heat-processed ground mix used to provide protein, calcium, and phosphorus.

Readily used fats often from coconut used for energy and brain function. Commonly used in senior and performance diets.

Synthetic vitamin K used at controlled levels for normal blood clotting.

Highly digestible fish protein rich in omega-3 fatty acids.

Fish oil that provides omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) often for joint, skin, and coat support.

An essential amino acid used to balance protein and, in some cat diets, support urine pH.

Plant-derived binder and thickener for texture control.

Purified plant fiber used to help maintain a food’s texture and shape.

Gluten-free grain that provides complex carbohydrates for energy and B vitamins.

Gluten-free flour that provides energy and adds structure to kibble.

Dried milk for flavor, protein, and calcium in some treats and toppers.

Sustainable source of fiber used to support regularity and healthy stool quality.

Forms of vitamin E that are used together as preservatives to help keep fats fresh.

Starch—often corn, potato, or tapioca—that has been processed to improve thickening, binding, and texture control.

Sweetener used sparingly to add flavor and moisture to treats.

Dried molasses used in low quantities for flavor and coloration in treats.

Emulsifiers that help fats and water mix evenly in gravies, coatings, and some treats. Used in very small amounts.

Source of phosphorus and calcium for bones and teeth.

Natural clay used in small amounts to prevent ingredients from clumping and help to maintain food texture.

Sulfur compound often paired with glucosamine and chondroitin for joint support.

Concentrated, green-lipped mussel used for omega-3 fatty acids and glycosaminoglycans (joint support).

Bacon flavoring used to add taste and aroma to treats and food.

Chicken-derived flavoring used to boost aroma and taste without significantly changing a food’s nutrient profile.

Fish-based flavor booster used to improve taste and aroma in foods containing fish.

Animal- and plant-derived flavorings that make food more appealing.

Pork-based flavoring used for aroma and taste.

Flavoring that adds a roasted, smoky aroma and taste in tiny amounts.

Turkey-based flavor enhancer used to improve a food’s taste and aroma.

Herb added in very small amounts for phytonutrients that can act as antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, and more.

B vitamin that supports energy metabolism, skin health, and more.

A form of niacin (vitamin B3) that is easily absorbed and used by the body to support metabolism, skin, and more.

Edible seaweed that supplies minerals, including iodine, and omega-3 fatty acids.

Learn more: Can dogs eat seaweed? (PetMD)

Building blocks of DNA/RNA that support gut and immune function and boost flavor.

Inactive yeast used to add savory flavor, B vitamins, protein, and other nutrients.

An outer layer of oats, just under the inedible hull, that is rich in fiber and other nutrients. Used primarily for digestive regularity and stool quality.

Mostly insoluble fiber from oats used to support digestive health and stool quality.

Minimally processed whole oats with only the inedible hull removed. Used primarily for gentle fiber and sustained energy.

Concentrated oat protein used to round out amino-acid profiles.

Whole grain that is high in fiber and a good carbohydrate source.

Rolled and ground oats. Easy to digest, adds fiber, carbohydrates, and other nutrients.

Learn more: Can dogs eat oatmeal? (PetMD)

A mix of fish that is heat-processed and ground into a concentrated source of protein and omega-3 fatty acid.

Ocean whitefish: A mix of lean whitefish (e.g., pollock and cod) used as a source of protein and omega-3 fatty acids in many cat formulas.

Learn more: Can dogs eat seafood? (Chewy)

Vegetable powder used in small amounts for added fiber, other nutrients, and for texture.

Short-chain prebiotic fiber (related to FOS) used to support a healthy gut microbiome and for digestive regularity.

Rare ingredient used sparingly (mostly in toppers) without pits and brine for additional flavor and fats.

Learn more: Can dogs eat olives? (PetMD)

Plant oil used sparingly to add fat and flavor.

Used sparingly (mostly in toppers) for flavor and vitamin C, but not as a primary nutrient source.

Learn more: Can dogs eat oranges? (Chewy) Can cats eat oranges? (Chewy)

Botanical antioxidant and antimicrobial used to help protect freshness.

Organs from animals (liver, heart, kidney, etc.) used to provide protein, vitamins, minerals, and natural flavor.

Organically grown whole-grain rice used to provide sustained energy and fiber.

Learn more: Can dogs eat rice? (PetMD)
Can cats eat rice? (Chewy)

Natural calcium source made from ground oyster shells to support bone and teeth health.

Enzyme from papaya used to improve protein digestibility.

Tropical fruit with fiber, vitamins and minerals, antioxidants, and natural enzymes used in small amounts.

Learn more: Can dogs eat papaya? (PetMD)

Natural colorant used in small amounts for appearance.

Herb with antioxidants used in small amounts to support fresh flavor and breath.

The protein-rich part of peas that is processed and used to help boost a food’s protein levels.

Fiber ingredient from peas used to support digestion and stool quality.

Ground peas used primarily for carbohydrates, protein, fiber, and kibble structure.

Fiber from the outer skin of peas used to support digestive health and weight management.

Concentrated plant protein extracted from peas.

Grain-free carbohydrate from peas. Used for energy and to help hold kibble together.

Source of plant protein and fats, used sparingly and primarily in treats.

Learn more: Can dogs eat peanuts? (PetMD)

Source of flavor, fat, and protein used in small portions primarily in treats. Avoid products that contain xylitol, which can be toxic to dogs.

Learn more: Can dogs eat peanut butter? (Chewy)
Can cats eat peanut butter? (Chewy)

Barley with the bran and hull removed for a smoother texture. Supplies sustained energy from carbohydrates and soluble and insoluble fiber.

Fruit used in small amounts (mostly in toppers) primarily to add fiber and mild sweetness.

Learn more: Can dogs eat pears? (PetMD)

Legumes widely used in grain-free foods, primarily to supply carbohydrates, fiber, and protein.

Learn more: Can dogs eat peas? (Chewy) Can cats eat peas? (PetMD)

Fruit-derived soluble fiber used as a natural gelling and stabilizing agent.

A probiotic strain that can survive food processing and digestion to support gut health and immunity.

Herb used in tiny amounts for fresh aroma, especially in dental treats.

Learn more: Can dogs have peppermint? (Chewy)

Used to adjust acidity (pH), enhance palatability, and as a preservative. Most often used in cat foods designed for urinary health.

Enzyme that breaks down a compound in plants that inhibits nutrient absorption releasing minerals, energy, and amino acids.

Adds vitamin C, minerals, fiber, and natural enzymes and antioxidants in very small amounts.

Learn more: Can dogs eat pineapple? (Chewy)

Oil from fish that provides omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) used to support skin, coat, joints, and wellness.

Fruit used in small amounts for antioxidants and polyphenols.

Learn more: Can dogs eat pomegranate? (PetMD)

Pork: Flavorful protein with essential amino acids, fat, and other nutrients. Used in dry and wet formulas.

Learn more: Can dogs eat pork? (Chewy) Can cats eat pork? (Chewy)

Heat-processed pork tissues (excluding most skeletal muscle) that provide concentrated protein plus micronutrients such as iron and B vitamins. Used moderately in complete diets.

A fat source that supplies concentrated energy and enhances taste. Provides essential fatty acids when properly balanced in the diet.

Nutrient-dense organ meat rich in iron and vitamins. Used to boost taste and overall nutrition.

Heat-processed pork meat and associated tissues that provides concentrated protein and flavor.

A fermented yeast product used for gut health and immune support.

A common potassium source that helps balance minerals in complete diets and supports normal heart, muscle, nerve function, plus fluid balance.

Ingredient used to help maintain healthy urine pH.

Iodine source used to support healthy thyroid function.

Preservative used in small amounts to inhibit mold, yeast, and bacterial growth.

Grain-free carbohydrate commonly used in kibble and wet foods that provides energy, fiber, and other nutrients when cooked.

Learn more: Can dogs eat potatoes? (Chewy) Can cats eat potatoes? (PetMD)

Fiber from potatoes used to support stool quality and help manage calories. Often included in weight-management and sensitive-stomach recipes.

Finely milled potato used as a grain-free carbohydrate and binder to help kibble or treats hold together while providing energy.

Concentrated protein derived from potatoes that boosts protein often in grain-free formulas.

Grain-free carbohydrate that provides energy and helps kibble hold together.

Used to add moisture and savory aroma to wet foods and toppers.

Heat-processed poultry tissues (excluding most skeletal muscle) that provides protein and other nutrients.

A flavor enhancer made from enzymatically broken-down mixed poultry. Used to improve aroma and taste without significantly changing nutrition.

Poultry fat that supplies energy and essential fatty acids.

Heat-processed poultry meat and associated tissues that provides concentrated protein and other nutrients.

Beneficial bacteria and yeast that support a healthy gut microbiome.

A fat-stabilizing, synthetic antioxidant often used alongside BHA/BHT or citric acid at low levels to help preserve flavor and prevent spoilage.

Used to keep semi-moist treats and foods soft but prohibited in foods for cats due to its potential to damage feline red blood cells.

Primarily soluble fiber that combines with water to form a gel. Used to support stool quality and regularity.

Pumpkin: Fiber-rich squash used to support healthy digestion and stool quality.

Learn more: Can dogs eat pumpkin? (Chewy) Can cats eat pumpkin? (Chewy)

Dehydrated pumpkin with concentrated fiber for digestive support.

Cooked and blended pumpkin that has a paste-like consistency. Added for gentle fiber and stool support.

Provides healthy fats, protein, antioxidants, and vitamins and minerals. Typically roasted and unsalted.

Learn more: Can dogs eat pumpkin seeds? (Chewy)

Essential B vitamin added to support protein metabolism, nervous system health, and red blood cell formation.

Alternative poultry protein often used in limited-ingredient or rotation diets.

Heat-processed ground quail meat and associated tissues that provides concentrated protein and other nutrients.

Plant pigment with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Natural emulsifier and foaming agent from soapbark used to stabilize textures.

Gluten-free seed that provides protein, carbohydrates, minerals, and fiber.

Learn more: Can dogs eat quinoa? (PetMD)

Flaked quinoa that supplies gluten-free carbohydrates, protein, and other nutrients.

Lean protein used for its distinct flavor and essential amino acids primarily in limited-ingredient diets.

Broth made from rabbit tissues used to add moisture and meaty aroma to wet foods and toppers.

Heat-processed ground rabbit meat and associated tissues that provides concentrated protein. Often used in formulas for food sensitivities and allergies.

Crunchy roots that add fiber and vitamin C in small amounts. Most often used in toppers.

Learn more: Can dogs eat radishes? (PetMD)

Another name for canola meal. Adds plant protein and some minerals.

A common iron source used to meet essential iron needs and support normal red blood cell formation and oxygen transport.

B vitamin that supports energy metabolism, skin, and eyes.

Rice: Easily digestible carbohydrate commonly found in dog and cat foods. Brown rice retains bran and germ, while white and brewers rice is more refined.

Learn more: Can dogs eat rice? (PetMD)

Can cats eat rice? (Chewy)

Nutrient-dense outer layer of rice used to add fiber, healthy fats, and micronutrients.

Oil from rice bran that provides energy, fatty acids, and vitamin E. Often used for skin and coat.

Finely milled rice that serves as an easily digestible carbohydrate source and binder.

Small rice fragments used as an easily digestible carbohydrate.

Fibrous outer layer of rice with insoluble fiber used for regularity.

The concentrated protein-rich part of rice. Often used in sensitive stomach and grain-inclusive diets.

Higher-concentration rice protein used to bolster total protein. Often in diets for pets with food sensitivities.

Refined rice starch used as a carbohydrate source and binder that can be helpful for sensitive stomachs.

Rice-based sweetener used primarily in treats to aid moisture and for binding.

The vitamin C-rich fruit of rose plants used sparingly for antioxidants.

Natural antioxidant that functions as a preservative and helps keep fats fresh.

Ground rye used to provide complex carbohydrates and fiber.

Plant oil high in linoleic acid that supports skin and coat when balanced with omega-3 fatty acids.

Herbal antioxidant used at low levels to protect fats and flavor stability.

Fish protein high in omega-3 fatty acids that supports skin, coat, brain, and joints.

Learn more: Can dogs eat salmon? (PetMD) Can cats eat salmon? (PetMD)

Fish broth used for moisture and aroma in wet foods.

Heat-processed ground salmon providing concentrated protein and omega-3 fatty acid.

Concentrated source of omega-3 fatty acid (EPA and DHA) from salmon that supports skin, coat, joint health, and overall wellness.

Essential sodium and chloride source used for electrolyte balance and flavor.

Learn more: Can dogs eat salt? (PetMD)

Heat-processed ground sardines that deliver concentrated protein and omega-3 fatty acids.

Oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) used for skin, coat, joint health, and overall wellness.

Sodium and chloride source (with trace minerals) used for electrolytes and flavor.

Dried ground seaweed that adds iodine, trace minerals, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants.

Learn more: Can dogs eat seaweed? (PetMD)

Organic selenium incorporated into yeast. Used for antioxidant and immune support.

Occasionally used for texture, taste, and minerals in treats. Uncommon in complete diets.

Shellfish protein used in some foods and toppers for variety and flavor.

Learn more: Can dogs eat shrimp? (PetMD) Can cats eat shrimp? (PetMD)

Anti-caking agent that helps powders and premixes flow evenly.

A multifunctional leavening and processing aid used for texture and moisture control, especially in baked treats and some wet foods.

Seaweed-derived thickener and stabilizer used to even texture in wet foods.

A gentle form of vitamin C used as a preservative and, to a lesser extent, for antioxidant and immune support.

Preservative used at very low levels in some foods.

Small amounts used for pH control and as a leavening agent in baked treats.

Processing aid and pH adjuster (alkalizing salt) used in small amounts to help adjust texture and acidity in certain treats and foods.

Milk-derived protein and emulsifier that helps stabilize texture and mix fats evenly while contributing amino acids.

A salt of citric acid that is used as a preservative and helps manage acidity, mineral stability, and texture in wet foods.

Synthetic compound used in some dental diets and treats to help reduce tartar by binding calcium in saliva.

A preservative that also helps retain moisture and improve taste in soft treats.

A curing salt that is used sparingly in some jerky and sausage-style treats to preserve color and prevent spoilage.

A preservative that also helps retain moisture and prevent fats from separating.

A preservative used to help prevent mold growth and extend freshness.

Purified soy protein that is used to increase total dietary protein.

Common selenium source used for antioxidant activity and immune function.

A preservative that helps retain moisture and prevent fats from separating. May also be used in dental diets and treats to bind calcium in saliva for tartar control.

A preservative, related to potassium sorbate, used to inhibit mold and yeast.

A mild sweetener that is mainly used in treats to retain moisture and softness.

A cereal grain that serves as an alternative to corn and wheat and supplies steady energy, fiber, and other nutrients.

Indicates that the food contains vitamin C from one or more sources (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, ascorbyl polyphosphate) that help protect recipe freshness and provide antioxidant support.

Fiber from soybean hulls used for stool quality and for creating a feeling of fullness.

Ingredient produced after extracting oil from soybeans. Can contribute protein, fiber and other nutrients and support kibble structure.

Plant oil that provides mostly omega-6 fatty acids for energy and skin and coat. Best when balanced with omega-3 fatty acids.

Botanical flavor used in tiny amounts, especially in dental treats, that adds a fresh aroma and may provide natural polyphenol antioxidants.

Leafy green with iron, fiber, vitamins and minerals, and antioxidants. Used in small amounts.

Learn more: Can dogs eat spinach? (PetMD)

Concentrated spinach used sparingly for vitamins and minerals, antioxidants, and other phytonutrients.

Nutrient-dense blue-green algae added in small amounts primarily for antioxidants and to support immunity. Sometimes used in “superfood” blends.

Shelf-stable powdered egg that is a highly digestible source of protein, fat, and other nutrients.

Learn more: Can dogs eat eggs? (Chewy) • Can cats eat eggs? (Chewy)

Source of omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) used for skin, coat, brain, joint, and heart health.

Learn more: Can dogs eat seafood? (Chewy)

Sunflower lecithin: Sunflower-derived emulsifier and choline source that helps fats blend evenly.

Learn more: Can dogs eat sunflower seeds? (PetMD)

Protein-rich meal that is left behind after pressing sunflower seeds for oil and used to add plant protein and fiber.

Plant oil rich in omega-6 fatty acids that supports energy and skin and coat. Best when balanced with omega-3 fatty acids.

Carbohydrate source that also provides fiber, beta-carotene, and other nutrients.

Learn more: Can dogs eat sweet potatoes? (Chewy)
Can cats eat sweet potatoes? (PetMD)

Cassava-milled flour (similar to tapioca starch) used as a grain-free binder and energy source.

Grain-free carbohydrate and binder from cassava used to help kibble hold shape.

Cassava-derived sweetener used mainly in treats to retain moisture and softness.

Seed-derived gum (similar to locust bean) used to thicken and suspend ingredients in canned foods.

An amino acid that is essential for cats and also commonly added to dog foods to support heart health, vision, and reproduction.

A synthetic preservative used in very small amounts to protect fats from oxidation and help maintain freshness. Usage levels are regulated and many modern formulas opt for other preservatives instead.

Synthetic ingredient used for texture control and dental tartar reduction.

Essential B vitamin that helps the body use carbohydrates for energy and supports the nervous system.

Herb used sparingly for aroma and flavor. Also contributes trace antioxidants.

White color additive used to whiten or brighten foods. Many modern formulas now avoid it.

Tomato: Fruits (without leaves and stems) used for antioxidants, other nutrients, and flavor.

Learn more: Can dogs eat tomatoes? (Chewy) Can cats eat tomatoes? (Chewy)

Fiber from tomato processing that can aid stool quality and add antioxidants.

Concentrated tomato used for flavor, color, and lycopene antioxidants.

Primarily skins and pulp from processed tomatoes used to add fiber, lycopene, and other nutrients.

Dehydrated, concentrated ground tomato used for flavor, antioxidants, and other nutrients.

Part of mineral premixes that supplies calcium and phosphorus for bones and teeth. Also acts as an anti-caking agent.

Unbleached, ruminant stomach lining that is very palatable and supplies protein and other nutrients.

Fish protein with natural omega-3 fatty acids that appears in some limited-ingredient and novel-protein diets.

Heat-processed ground trout that provides concentrated protein and omega-3 fatty acids.

Fish oil that supplies omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) for skin, coat, and joint support.

Poultry protein providing taste and a complete amino acid profile. Used fresh, as meals, or in broths.

Learn more: Can dogs eat turkey? (Chewy) Can cats eat turkey? (PetMD)

Adds moisture and savory aroma and taste to wet foods and toppers.

Heat-processed ground turkey tissues (with most skeletal muscle removed) that provides concentrated protein, vitamins, and minerals when properly balanced.

Flavorful fat that adds energy and essential fatty acids.

Nutrient-dense organ meat that supplies protein, vitamin A and iron. Used for flavor and nutrient profile.

Heat-processed ground turkey meat and associated tissues that provides concentrated protein.

Flavorful fish protein popular in cat foods and some dog foods that also adds omega-3 fatty acids.
Learn more: Can cats eat tuna? (Chewy)
Can dogs eat tuna? (PetMD)

Adds moisture and aroma and taste with minimal calories.

Heat-processed ground tuna that concentrates protein and fish flavor.

Fish oil pressed from tuna that provides omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) for skin, coat, joints, and overall wellness.

Spice used in small amounts for color and as a natural curcumin source (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory).

Active, readily used form of CoQ10 that appears in select senior and premium formulas.

A vitamin-like compound that acts as an antioxidant and supports cellular energy (mitochondrial function).

Cartilage-sourced ingredient that is primarily used to support joint health.

Essential amino acid added to balance complete diets.

Natural, ground vanilla used sparingly to enhance aroma and taste primarily in baked treats.

Flavoring derived from vanilla used mainly in treats.

Plant-based stock used to add moisture and savory aroma and flavor to wet foods and toppers.

General term for blended plant oils that supply energy and essential fatty acids.

Plant-based broth that adds moisture and savory aroma and flavor.

Lean red meat protein primarily used in limited ingredient and novel protein diets designed to help with food sensitivities.

Heat-processed ground venison meat and associated tissues used as a concentrated protein, often in limited-ingredient diets.

Used sparingly to fine-tune pH, improve texture in wet foods, prevent spoilage, and add flavor.

Dried vinegar used sparingly for flavor, pH control, and as a preservative.

Fat-soluble vitamin carefully dosed for vision, immunity, and skin.

A specific, stable form of vitamin A (retinyl acetate) used to meet vitamin A requirements and to support vision, immune function, and skin health.

Water-soluble B vitamin used to support nerves, metabolism, and red blood cells.

Antioxidant used to help preserve nutrients in foods and support immune health.

Fat soluble vitamin that helps regulate calcium and phosphorus for bone and muscle health.

Fat-soluble vitamin that acts as an antioxidant to protect cells and stabilize fats.

Indicates that the food contains vitamin K from one or more sources (phylloquinone, menaquinones like K2, or feed-grade menadione) to support normal blood clotting and calcium metabolism.

Fat-soluble vitamin used in small amounts for calcium metabolism.

Blend of essential vitamins, minerals, and sometimes amino acids added to meet AAFCO nutrient profiles.

Common in wet foods to cook, hydrate, and blend ingredients.

Alternative red meat protein that is used in some limited-ingredient or exotic-protein diets.

Outer layer of wheat that is fiber-rich and supports stool quality and digestive regularity. Also provides minerals and other nutrients.

Finely milled wheat used as an energy source and binder for structure in baked treats and kibble.

Nutrient-dense center of wheat seeds that adds proteins, vitamins and minerals, healthy fats, fiber, and a mild nutty flavor.

Oil naturally rich in vitamin E often used for skin and coat support.

Concentrated wheat protein that improves kibble texture and boosts protein.

A finely ground part of wheat that provides fiber and complex carbohydrates.

A refined carbohydrate from wheat that is used for energy and as a binder and thickener to help kibble and treats hold their shape.

Dehydrated whey from milk that adds dairy flavor and protein to foods and treats.

Purified protein from milk that supplies essential amino acids.

A mix of lean whitefish (e.g., pollock and cod) used as a source of protein and omega-3 fatty acids.

Heat-processed ground whitefish that provides concentrated protein and omega-3 fatty acids.

Oil extracted from whitefish that is used as an omega-3 fatty acid source for skin, coat, joint health, and overall wellness.

Complete barley grain that provides complex carbohydrates for steady energy, fiber, and other nutrients.

Whole grain that supplies complex carbohydrates for sustained energy and aids kibble structure.

Whole grain that contributes fiber, B vitamins, and energy and aids kibble structure.

Alternative red meat protein that is used in premium foods or diets for food allergies and sensitivities.

Fermentable fiber used as a thickener and stabilizer, especially in wet foods.

Fiber-digesting enzyme that aids the breakdown of plant cell walls for nutrient access.

Prebiotic fiber that feeds beneficial gut bacteria and supports gut health.

Natural plant sugar used in tiny amounts in some treats for caramelization and mild sweetness.

Adds savory flavor, B vitamins, and some protein. May support skin and coat.

Complex carbohydrates from yeast cell walls that act as prebiotics and support immune health.

Source of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and beta-glucans for gut and immune support.

Fermented yeast that includes growth media and metabolites and provides pre- and postbiotics, contributing to aroma and taste and potentially supporting gut health and immunity.

Savory flavoring, rich in nucleotides and peptides, that enhances aroma and taste with little fat or sugar.

Enzymatically broken-down yeast used as flavoring and a nucleotide and peptide source.

Finely ground yellow peas used primarily for plant protein, carbohydrates, fiber, and kibble structure.

Specific pea variety that provides carbohydrates, fiber, plant protein, and other nutrients.

Plain and unsweetened varieties occasionally used in treats and toppers for flavor, protein, probiotics, and calcium.

Learn more: Can dogs eat yogurt? (Chewy)

Dehydrated yogurt used in small amounts for flavor and calcium in treats and toppers.

Primarily insoluble fiber from yucca plants that supports stool bulk and quality.

Desert plant extract often included to reduce stool odor and may support digestive comfort.

Carotenoid antioxidant often paired with lutein and used in small amounts for eye and skin support.

Corn-derived protein used as a natural coating and binder in some treats.

Natural mineral that can bind ammonia and support stool-odor control and stool firmness.

Zinc bound to amino acids to make it more easily absorbed by the body. Used to support skin, coat, immunity, and other body functions.

A form of zinc that is easily absorbed by the body and supports skin and coat integrity, immune health, and other body functions.

Zinc bound to the amino acid methionine to improve absorption.

Zinc source used to meet essential zinc needs.

Protein-bound zinc designed for good absorption and used to support skin and coat, immune function, and other body functions.

Zinc source used to meet essential zinc requirements and support skin, immunity, and other body functions.

Low-calorie vegetable with fiber and moisture that appears primarily in fresh-style foods for variety.

Learn more: Can dogs eat zucchini? (Chewy)